For example, in the 1957 census, the Iraqi government first claimed that there was 136,800 Turks in Iraq. [33] In 1639, the Treaty of Zuhab was signed that gave the Ottomans control over Iraq and ended the military conflict between the two empires. Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles. [55][82], Professor Christiane Bulut has argued that publications from Azerbaijan often use expressions such as "Azerbaijani (dialects) of Iraq" or "South Azerbaijani" to describe Iraqi Turkmen dialects "with political implications"; however, in Turcological literature, closely related dialects in Turkey and Iraq are generally referred to as "eastern Anatolian" or "Iraq-Turkic/-Turkman" dialects, respectively. [32] In 1534, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, Mosul was sufficiently secure within the Ottoman Empire and became the chief province (eyalet) responsible for all other administrative districts in the region. [15], The Iraqi Turkmens are the descendants of various waves of Turkic migration to Mesopotamia beginning from the 7th century until the end of Ottoman rule (1919). Therefore, the Turkmen Directorate of Education in Kirkuk has started Turkish language lessons for the wider society. This official agreement between ITF, Iraqi Government and KRG will be guaranteed officially by the Republic of Turkey. [93], The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly Muslims. [4], Lately, on March 15, 2015, it was declared by ITF Member of Parliament Aydn Maruf, that; an official Turkmen Brigade of the Iraqi army will be created in the near future, starting with 500 men and then growing up to 1500 in short time for the defense of Tel'afar, Kifri and other major Turkmen settlements from ISIL and also for the planned offense of the areas which are officially under Iraqi Government control like Mosul against ISIL in the ongoing Iraqi insurgency. With the support of Ankara, a new political front of Turkmen parties, the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995. [18][19][3] Despite the popular reference to the Turks of Iraq as "Turkmen", they are not directly related to the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan and do not identify as such. [139] According to United Nations reports, the KRG and Peshmerga were "illegaily policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Maruf also told that this was an important step for the future of Iraqi Turkmens and Tukmeneli. In the 2010 Iraqi national elections, the ITF has entered into an alliance with the Iraqi National Movement (Iraqiya) in the Governorate of Kirkuk. [96][109] Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield describe the Turkmeneli region as follows: what Turkmens refer to as Turkmeneli a vast swath of territory running from Iraq's border with Turkey and Syria and diagonally down the country to the border with Iran. The Turkmen, who have linguistic and cultural ties to Turkey, have lived in northern Iraq for centuries and are both Shiite and Sunni Muslims. (Redirected from Ethnic minorities in Iraq) This article has multiple issues. [120] Since the European migrant crisis (2014-19) the number of Iraqi Turkmen has continued to increase in Europe. [123] The Iraqi Turkmen were targeted by the British in collaboration with other Iraqi elements, of these, the most willing to subjugate the Iraqi Turkmen were the Iraq Leviestroops recruited from the Assyrian community that had sought refuge in Iraq from the Hakkari region of Turkey. The use of Turkish was presented as a natural progression from the Turkmen; any suggestion that the oral languages were different was immediately rejected. [88], However, in 1959 the military junta introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja". On 17 March 2014, an official of the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) was shot dead. [135] Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighbourhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s. [104], In 2004 Scott Taylor suggested that the Iraqi Turkmen population accounted for 2,080,000 of Iraq's 25 million inhabitants (forming 8.32% of the population)[5] whilst Patrick Clawson has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen make up about 9% of the total population. Architectural designs across the city exist as surviving vestiges of Turkmen history. [8], In the latest Iraqi parliamentary election in 2014, the ITF has protected its total parliament member count of 10 and protecting the number of their directly elected number of candidates from ITF-Turkmen lists(without alliances) but also increasing the total number of ITF parliamenters to 3,[9] as a result of the victory of the ITF member who participated in Muttahidun Lil'Islah List, Hena Asar, in Tuz Khormato, a major Turkmen settlement located in the Tooz District of the Governorate of Saladin. [9] The major cities claimed to be a part of their homeland include: Altun Kupri, Badra, Bakuba, Diala, Erbil, Khanaqin, Kifri, Kirkuk, Kizilribat, Mendeli, Mosul, Salahaldeen, Sancar, Tal Afar, and Tuz Khurmatu. google_ad_width = 728;
[18][19][3][25], The presence of Turkic peoples in what is today Iraq first began in the 7th century when approximately 2,000[26]5,000[27][28] Oghuz Turks were recruited in the Muslim armies of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad. Iraqi National Democratic Turkoman Organization (INDTO) was established, which joined the democratic National Front. Iraq: Turkmen chief urges govt to help Daesh victims Leader of Iraqi Turkmen Front says his party would bring problems of Daesh victims to attention of Iraqi parliament Ali Mukarrem Garip | 18.08.2019 The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre"[129] and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured. The Turkmen Front considered on Saturday that Islamic parties had "failed" to run the country. [24] According to the Iraqi Turkmen scholar Professor Suphi Saati: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, the political goal of the Iraqi government was to distinguish the Iraqi Turkmen from other Turks in Anatolia, just as the Greek government used the name "Muslim minority" for those Turks living within the borders of Greece. Reproduction Date: The Iraqi Turkmen Front (Turkish: Irak Trkmen Cephesi, Arabic: Al-Jabhat Al-Turkmaniyah Al-Iraqi) is a political movement founded in 1995 which seeks to represent the Turkmen people of Iraq. [138] Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen. For example, the Ba'th regime recognised that the city of Kirkuk was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation. This created a certain degree of disorganization, but on 5 February 1997 the Turkoman parties signed a new unity statement giving rise to a Turkoman National Congress. Thus, most of today's Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. //-->, This article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. However, the revised figure of 567,000 was issued after the 1958 revolution when the Iraqi government admitted that the Iraqi Turkmen population was actually more than 400% from the previous year's total. [56], Upon Iraq's entry into the League of Nations in 1932, the League demanded that Iraq recognize its ethnic and religious minorities. Professor Orit Bashkin has observed that within Iraqi Turkmen literature, poets have managed to "remain loyal to Iraq as a state" whilst they have also "concurrently upheld their Turkish distinctiveness": For Mustafa Gkkaya (b. [40] Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the Arabs and Kurds, in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status. [23], The Iraqi Turkmen[41][42] dialects fall under the Western Oghuz branch of Turkic languages and are often referred to as "Iraqi Turkmen Turkish"[43][44] "Iraqi Turkish",[45][46][47][48] and "Iraqi Turkic". Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002. In this light, the Iraqi Turkman Front (ITF), a political organization that was established in 1995 to unify Turkmen political groups (RFE/RL 5 Mar. [77] Yet, the Kirkuk dialect also shows comparable features with Urfa,[78][69] and 21.4% of Kirkuk province's population had self-declared their mother tongue as "Turkish" in the last census which asked about language. [18][31] By the first half of the sixteenth century the Ottomans had begun their expansion into Iraq, waging wars against their arch rival, the Persian Safavids. [39] Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq (alongside the Arabs and Kurds) in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status. The meeting was attended by Head of ITF and MP Erat Salihi and MPs Abbas Bayatl, Hasan zmen Flag used by Iraqi Turkmen and officially by Iraqi Turkmen Front. On the front line between Taza Khurmatu and Basheer, the Turkmen patrol with Kurdish peshmerga forces.Publicly, both sides proclaim "100 percent cooperation" but the alliance is an uneasy one thanks to longstanding tensions between Iraqi Kurds and Turkmen in the region. [24], The terms "Turkmen", "Turkman", and "Turkoman" have been used in the Middle East for centuries (particularly in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey) to define the common genealogical and linguistic ties of the Oghuz Turks in these regions. /* 728x90, created 7/15/08 */
[92], In 2004 the Trkmeneli TV channel was launched in Kirkuk, Iraq. [24], Nonetheless, the terms imposed on the Turks of Iraq was not resisted, for the word "Turkmen" historically designated the Oghuz Turks who had accepted Islam and migrated westwards from Central Asia to the Middle East. google_ad_slot = "6416241264";
Retrieved March 16, 2015. In this light, the Iraqi Turkman Front (ITF), a political organization that was established in 1995 to unify Turkmen political groups (RFE/RL 5 Mar. As a result, Iraqi Turkmen syntax differs sharply from Irano-Turkic. The ITF candidate in the Turkmen stronghold of Kirkuk, Erad Salihi, won 59,732 votes all by himself. [4][6][7][101] This put them third, behind Arabs and Kurds. On Sunday, March 14,th, 2004, there has an assasination attempt on the president of the Iraqi Turkmen Front Dr. Farouk Abdullah at Khalis, 50 Km north of Baghdad while on his way to Kirkuk. Therefore, the Iraqi Turkmen (as well as the Syrian Turkmen and Anatolian Turkmen) do not identify themselves with the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan. Archaeologists trace the citadel to The Sunni Turkmen form the majority (about 6070%), but there is also a significant number of Turkmen practicing the Shia branch of Islam (about 30% to 40%). [87] According to Article 1, no law, order, or act of government was allowed to contradict the terms of the 1932 constitution, nor could it be changed in the future. [93] Trkmeneli TV has signed agreements with several Turkish channels, such as TRT, TGRT and ATV, as well as with the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus's main broadcaster BRT, to share programmes and documentaries. [9][10], Arabic language, Iraq, World War I, Assyrian people, Ottoman Empire, Constitution of Iraq, Iraq, Governorates of Iraq, Council of Representatives of Iraq, Districts of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Bahrain, Christianity, Iraq, Syriac Christianity, Romania, Mexico, Assyrian people, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Jonah, Kurds, Iraq, South Azerbaijani language, Political party, Iraq, Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkey, Politics of Iraq, Iraq, Liberalism, Iraqi parliamentary election, 2010, Iyad Allawi, Iraqi Kurdistan, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Movement for Change, Foreign relations of Iraqi Kurdistan, Assyrian people, Iraq, Incumbent, Iraqi Turkmen Front, Transliteration, Iraqi Turkmen, Movement for Change, Iraqi Kurdistan, Kurdistan Democratic Party, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdistan Islamic Union,