In addition, he also performed some secular duties-examining weights and measures, enforcing fair prices, etc. Chief Qazi was another main minister who was the highest judicial authority in the state. Write a note on the Mughal Empire in the seventeenth century and after? Ali, K. (? They had also thoroughly absorbed Middle Eastern culture, especially Persian culture (the Persian word for Mongol is Mughal, from which we get the English word, mogul, meaning tycoon), and their wars of invasion spread Persian culture throughout India. For him, the centralized structure controlled through the efficient working of jagirdari seems to hold little ground. At every suba headquarters, darogha-i dak was appointed for this purpose. http://www.articlesbase.com/authors/nadeem-wagan/292187 (2010-01-28). First, the administrative measures of Sher Shah will be studied. But the possibility of rebellion always existed and therefore, constant vigil through an organized system of intelligence network was established. When the great Mughal conqueror, Babur the Tiger, came to power in 1483, he ruled over a very small kingdom in Turkestan. The governor of a suba (subadar) was directly appointed by the Emperor. Horses and boats were also used to help in speedy delivery. Music received special patronage during _____ reign. He was also known as saman. He was the supervisor and executive officer over the shiqqdars of all the parganas in a sarkar (shiqq). The chief diwan (diwani kul) was made responsible for revenue and finances. By continuing well assume youre on board with our cookie policy, The input space is limited by 250 symbols. Though the emperor enjoyed unlimited powers and authority yet he used to take into consideration the advices given by the court officials or nobility which had great influence over the state politics. He was appointed at the recommendation of the subadar and diwan. Besides the qazi-ul quzzat, another important judicial officer was mir`adl. Therefore, things went well so long as he was alive: his successors were no match to him. 3. Under Akbar, it consisted of 768 small armed vessels and boats, estimated to cost about 29,000 rupees a month. Summary. He maintained direct contact with the provincial diwans and their functioning was put under his seal and signatures were necessary for the validation of all official papers involving revenue. The taxes were being imposed on the land owners according to the type of lands they possessed and they were supposed to pay in cash. Developing a communication network was very essential to govern a vast Empire. He is well-known for his personal piety and for leading an extremely simple and pious life. Share 0. (We have already mentioned that prior to Aurangzebs reign his powers were combined in sadr-us sudur. India, A Concise History. There was the prime minister who was responsible for the overall state running. Oxford University Press. View Answer This system ran very efficiently under Akbar who had even abolished the Jizya from the non-Muslims. The Subedar had full authority over the province as the emperor had over the state, he had a Mansab and a bigger Jagir, kept a large army at his deposal and was accountable for the maintenance of law and order in the province. Recognizing its importance, Akbar had given it his special attention, but his efforts to secure from the Portuguese some of their better pieces were unsuccessful. Students can also use CBSE Notes Class 7 History Chapter 4-The Mughal Empire to revise the entire Chapter for the exam. Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their zenith; constructed the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Jahangir mausoleum and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. They carried their wives and children along with them. Answer: Akbars administrative policies were mentioned in Abul Fazls book the Akbar Nama, particularly in its third and last volume, the Ain-i Akbari In the book Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided into provinces known as Subas, governed by a Subadar. Ans. Available here are Chapter 1 - Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb Exercises Questions with Solutions and detail explanation for Write a note on Shah-Jahan military campaigns. But Stephen P. Blake and J. F. Richards, while they accept the centralizing tendencies, point out that the Mughal Empire was patrimonial bureaucratic. The city administration was run by a Kotwal, whereas the village was administered by the local villagers. The army could still count on the personal valor of the commander of an individual contingent but pitted against disciplined European soldiers, or hardy, resourceful Maratha horsemen, it did not prove effective. The provincial diwan was appointed by the Emperor. He was responsible for checking and inspecting the horses and soldiers maintained by the mansabdars in the suba. The institution of wizarat (or wikalat since both were used interchangeably), according to some accounts, can be traced back to the Abbasi Caliphs. I. Each Mansabdar kept his own army according to his rank and managed the recruitment, training and salaries of the soldiers. A History of India. The Mughals had certain military outposts as well where separate qiladars were appointed. Each fortress was like a mini township with a large garrison. Qureshi, Dr. The Mughal administration was quite different from those of their predecessors i.e. Besides, there were also sawanih nigar to provide confidential reports to the Emperor. 2) Shivaji was the ruler of Marathas and he carved out a stable kingdom with the support of powerful warrior families (deshmukhs). Often his office was combined with waqainigar: In this capacity his duty was to inform the Centre of the happenings in his province. We have already seen how Akbar strengthened the office of the diwan by entrusting the revenue powers to the diwan. The Administration of the Mughal Empire. Besides, there were separate bakhshis for the abadis (special imperial troopers) and domestic servants of the royal household (bakhshi-i shagird pasha). One of his most famous construction marvels was the Lahore Fort. He eventually founded Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic religion based on Hinduism and Islam. Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/mughal-administration/, This is just a sample. Write a note on Shah-Jahan military campaigns. A group of villages constituted a pargana and a few parganas a shiqq which was equivalent to Mughal sarkar. Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this website. There are no existing statistical records of the strength of the Mughal army. The extent to which the Mughal Empire was centralized in practice can be a matter of debate. He was to take now of different crops in the pargana. But instead of a large standing army, the emperors depended upon four different classes of troops for the maintenance of order and the defense of the empires borders. NCERT Solutions For Class 7 History Social Science Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire. In Islam the real sovereign of the world in Allah and Khalifh is his representative on the earth. The Mughal practice of taking along a great number of camp followers, including occasionally the families of the soldiers and the royal harem, made the army a very cumbersome, slow-moving organization. The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic and commercial prosperity. 1. On this page you will get Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire Extra Questions for Class 7 History which will be helpful in getting more marks in the examinations.Class 7 Extra Questions will let you know about important points given inside the chapter. Write a short note on Humayun. The governor of the ports was called mutasaddi, who was directly appointed by the emperor. Download PDF for free. It consisted of three volumes which give detail information about Akbars ancestors, the important events during Akbars reign, and a record of his administrative system called Ain-i Akbari respectively. The finance administration was heavily concentrated upon the collection of the revenues which were basically the loot of the war, the trade taxes, the annual tributes and the land revenues. His duties were similar to those of the amalguzar at the sarkar level. The munsif-i munsifan performed the duties of amin (created later by the Mughals) at sarkar (shiqq) level. The Mughals tried to establish highly centralized bureaucratic machinery which was based on direct command. The amil looked after the revenue collection at the pargana level also. The kotwal was also to maintain a register for keeping records of people coming and going out of the town. There is very little information about the working of central administration under Sher Shah but he was an autocrat and kept everything under his direct control and supervision. Each branch was further subdivided into several sections manned by a secretary, superintendents, and clerks. The mir saman was the officer in charge of the royal karkhanas. The shiqqdar was the executive officer of the pargana and assisted the smile in revenue collection. This centralization is manifested in the efficient working of land revenue system, mansab end jagir, uniform coinage, etc. He tacitly acquiesced in the Portuguese supremacy by making no effort to challenge their authority, and by taking out licenses from them for the ships which he sent to the Red Sea. your own paper. A major and last desperate attempt was also made to conquer Assam during his rule but with no success at Battle of Saraighat; the over-stretched empire would face challenges after his death. Essay. To facilitate his work, he posted his agents in the parganas and various important offices. Mohiuddin Mohammed Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707) born on Oct 21, 1618, and died on Mar 3, 1707. The second category was of the Ahadi soldiers and they were the soldiers of the ruler. His chief duty was to protect the laws of the shariat. It was encountered by many defects in the later Mughal era due to inefficiency of the later rulers and the corruption of the officials. 4 THE MUGHAL EMPIRE Under Sher Shah Suri the experiment in the formation of a bureaucracy under a centralized tyranny had taken place. You can get your custom paper from Here also none of the officers enjoyed supreme powers. He scrutinized applications for all such grants, both fresh and renewals, and presented before the Emperor for sanction. The munsif was responsible for measuring the land, etc. The Waqiya Navis was the head of the spy system. Important features of Akbars administration are given below: [] A large number of clerks worked under him. He was the head of the judiciary. The Mughal Empire was one of the largest centralized states in pre-modern history and was the precursor to the British Indian Empire. Cities and port-towns had separate administrative machinery. The chief qazi was known as qazi-ul quzzat. Ans. The kotwal in the cities and mutasaddis in the port towns normally took care of the law and order situation. The mirarz of Delhi Sultante changed its nomenclature to mir bakhshi under the Mughals. Class 7 Social Science The Mughal Empire Additional Questions and Answers. His conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent, incorporating much of southern India. A cursory survey of the persons appointed as qiladars reveals that mansabdars with high ranks generally were appointed. The village-head was known as muqaddam who worked as the sole link between the government and the village. He was supposed to function for the recruitment, maintaining huliya, branding of the horses and supplies to the army. To deal with the pirates in the Bay of Bengal, and also for the purpose of communication over the vast river system of Bengal, a river flotilla was maintained at Dacca. In Central Asia and Afghanistan, shifts in power pushed Babur of Ferghana (in present-day Uzbekistan) southward, first to Kabul and then to India. Answer: Kempegowda-II was the elder son of Hiriya Kempe Gowda. His policies were carried out by his son but the later Mughals were not so enthusiastic as their ancestor and yet their power continued to decline and ultimately the Europeans were able to grab power from Mughals and they also carried out the same state policies of Mughals but with certain modification. The best estimate is probably that of Sir Jadunath Sarkar, who concluded from evidence from the reign of Shah Jahan that in 1648 the army consisted of 440,000 infantry, musketeers, and artillerymen, and 185,000 cavalries commanded by princes and nobles. There were 66 sarkars (shiqqs) in Sher Shahs Empire. Alauddins administration measures i. Delhi was attacked twice and as a defensive measure, Alauddin Khalji raised a large standing army. The muhtasibs (censor of public morals) was to ensure the general observance of the rules of morality. The khazanadar looked after the Imperial treasury. Humayun faced many threats from Afghan competitors and was defeated by Sher Khan at Chausa in 1539 and Kanuaj in 1540. In the process of evolution of Mughal administrative machinery, the Afghan interval (1540-1555) was significant. Q62. To have an effective administration, the Empire was divided into subas (provinces), sarkars, parganas, and villages. He also acted as superintendent of weights and measures used by the merchants and shopkeepers. You will appreciate the difficulties if you could visualize that each pan of the Mughal Empire was inhabited by a diverse set of people over whom their respective rulers or dominant chieftains exerted considerable influence. He was generally placed under the faujdar of the area. The Kotawal was a keeper of peace in the province, for the maintenance of religious harmony there were the Qazi and the Sadr. Next comes the patwari, a village record-keeper. It was equally influenced by Sufi mysticism, a branch of the Islamic religion that stressed the mystical union of humans with god. Question 1. He was not only appointed at the sarkar level but sometimes within a sarkar, a number of faujdars existed. The Mughal army was divided into three types. Despite their illustrious ancestors, the Mughals began humbly. When the Sidis territories were attacked by Shivaji, however, the sultan did not come to his assistance, and in 1670 the Sidi offered his services to Aurangzeb. The lowest rank in the system was 10 whereas the highest was 5000 for the nobles. It was not effective against the Magh and Portuguese pirates, but it was reorganized under the efficient administration of Mir Jumla and Shaista Khan, and in 1664 the latter was able to inflict a decisive blow against the pirates. However, in a few areas, such as Punjab, Bengal, Malwa, etc. Emperor- The form of the Mughal government was despotic, monarchy, the emperor was the head of the executive, legislature, judiciary, and the Army, the only limits on the autocracy of the King were the mobility and the Ulema. For them, everything centered around the imperial household and the vast bureaucracy. Besides, the Mughal Emperors frequent visits to every suba and the system of frequent transfers of the officials after a period of three years on average helped the Mughals in checking the officials. Answer: The Banjaras were important trader nomads. Write a short note on Alauddins administration. The first category was of the Mansabdars and their soldiers. The Sidi was assisted by another fleet based on Surat, and in every way treated as an official of the empire, but the Mughal command of the sea was too slight to make the supervision of so independent a force possible. Answer: The Banjaras were important trader nomads. His duty was to check whether proper places were allotted to the mansabdars according to their rank at the court. Mansabdari System is a system of ranking civil and military officials in the Mughal Administration. These concepts are discussed at length in Chapter 4 of CBSE Class 7 History. Short Q&A: Q1: Write short notes on Akbar's religious policy. This was not possible in provinces such as Gujarat and Bengal. Under this system, every officer of the Mughal empire was given a rank or mansab . http://www.historytution.com/medieval_india/mughal-empire/central-administration.html (2010-01-27). The important officials were the finance minister, the treasurer, the village Patwaries and the clerks. The Military administration or the Mansabdari system was the backbone of the Mughal Empire which started in its crude form from Zahir-ud-din Babur till its refined form in the reign of Akbar. The artillery was paid wholly out of the imperial treasury. ii. He is of the opinion that even in the 17th century the Mughal Empire was not very centralized. Under the emperor were the ministers who were appointed for different state tasks and assisted the ruler. He personally inspected all transactions and payments in all departments. The qanungos kept all the records pertaining to the land in his area. He dealt directly with provincial bakhshis and wagaiaavis. The third type was of the Dakhili soldiers who were being appointed by the ruler himself but were put under the charge of the Mansabdars. Then there was a Mir Bukhshi who was the in charge of the military. Today the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day from the ramparts of the Red Fort in Delhi, the residence of the Mughal emperors. The same channel was used for receiving information. Initially as the head of the judicial department, he supervised the appointment of qazis and muftis. Nuruddin Mohammed Jahangir (1605-1627) born in Oct 1569 and died in 1627. The period of Bairam Khans regency (1556-60) saw the rise of the wakil-wazir with unlimited powers under Bairam Khan. The logical corollary of sustaining the huge administration was to appropriate the maximum rural surplus in the form of land revenue for which the Mughal polity was geared to. In the 8th rggnal year (1564-65), Akbar took away the financial powers of the wakil and entrusted it into the hands of the diwan kul (Finance Minister). I will provide you with the points for your better understanding. His jurisdiction was decided according to the needs of the region. He was to ensure safe passage to traders within his jurisdiction. The Muslim jurists and writers also held the same view. He was the executive head of the sarkar. Answer: The Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the 17th century. It seems his duty was mainly to take care of rebellions, and law and order problems. Kankut, Rai And Zabti. He also looked into whether the grants were given to the right persons and utilized properly. Then there was a minister called Sadar-us-Sudur who was responsible for religious matters. A third class was the ahadis, or gentlemen troopers, drawing higher pay than those in the ordinary service; according to the Ain-i-Akbari, they might get as much as five hundred rupees a month, in contrast to the seven or eight rupees of the regular troopers. Their appointment, promotion, demotion, and termination were subject to the rulers personal preference and whims. NCERT Solutions for Class 7 History Chapter 2 New Kings and Kingdoms Exercises includes -Match the Following and Question/Answers which helps you to understand the topic covered in New Kings and Kingdoms Class 7 History (Social Science), in a better manner to help you to score good marks in your examinations. They imposed structures of administration and ideas of governance that outlasted their rule. Thus, the concept of the divine origin of the monarchy could easily find credence among the Indian people. Both (shiqqdar and munsif) were directly appointed by the government. The ancient Indian traditions had always supported a strong ruler. Write a note on Ibadat Khana. He was also not an employee of the state but of the village community. It goes to the credit of Akbar that the subsequent Mughal rulers followed in principle the administrative policy developed by him. Descendants of a people who knew nothing of the sea, the Mughals had little success in creating a navy. He personally supervised the branding of the horses (dagh) and checked the muster-roll (chehra) of the soldiers. They usually moved in caravan known as tanda. Thus, it can be said that Sher Shah anticipated Akbar. Both the subadars and diwans worked independently and were responsible to the Centre only. No fresh order of appointment or promotion could be affected without his seal. The position of the wazir revived under the early Mughals. The loose organization of the army, the paucity of officers, the failure to build up a well-knit and active pyramidical organization, reduced the efficiency of the army. Get Your Custom Essay on, By clicking Write my paper, you agree to our, By clicking Send Me The Sample you agree on the, Compare and Contrast Ottoman and Mughal Empires, https://graduateway.com/mughal-administration/, Getyour custom On the basis of his verification, the amount of the salary was certified. Many of these were located at strategically important places. The thana was a place where army was stationed for the preservation of law and order. Under the Delhi Sultans, the wazir enjoyed both civil and military powers. In case you cant find a sample example, our professional writers are ready to help you with writing The mir bakhshi was assisted by other bakhshis at central level. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century and After i. Humayun was the son of Babur. Some historians hold that Mughal administrative structure was highly centralized. The districts were further divided into Parghanas. He greatly expanded the Empire and is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Mughal Dynasty as he set up the empires various institutions; he married Mariam-uz-Zamani, a Rajput princess. The Mughals were aware of the economic importance of the sea-ports as these were the centers of brisk commercial activities. Only then the diwan made an entry in his records and placed it before the king. Moss, Peter. Write a short note on Akbar's administrative policies. The new entrants, seeking service, were presented before the Emperor by the mir bakhshi. Among the duties of the subadar, the most important one was to look after the welfare of the people and the army. The Mughals were quite sensible in terms of using the loyalties of their nobility unlike the sultans mostly came under the influence of their nobility and usually lost their power into their hands. ? During Shah Jahens reign, another administrative unit chakla came into existence. Alms were also distributed through him. He was assisted by two karkuns (clerks) who kept the records both in Hindi and Persian. Class 7; The Mughal Empire; CBSE History Class 7. The Subedar, the Diwan, the Sadar, the Qazi, the Qotawal and the Waqiya Navis were the important officers in every province. The Mughal army was divided into infantry, the cavalry, the war elephants and the navy. The port administration was independent of the provincial authority. The Emperor was the fountainhead of all powers, and bureaucracy was mere banda-i dargah (slaves of the court). Abul Fazl,wrote a manuscript on the history of Akbars reign called as Akbar Nama. The central revenue ministry was divided into many departments to look after the specific needs of the Empire. If you need this or any other sample, we can send it to you via email. Though he was not the government servant, nonetheless he was responsible for maintaining^iaw and order in his village. (2018, Feb 26). The Mughals were the last powerful descendants of the Mongols; descended from Mongol stock in Turkestan, in the early 1500s they engaged in the last series of conquests to bear the Mongol name. He also earned the title Prajavatsala in recognition of his pious administration. Chetan Singh supports this view. The Mughal Empire. Karnataka State Syllabus Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 7 The Mughal Empire Class 7 Social Science The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers. Daily receipts and expenditure reports were sent by him to the provincial diwan. If the muqaddam of the village, where the crime was committed, failed to capture the culprit, he was liable to severe punishment. They owned their oxen. Al-Faisal Lahore. Extra Questions for Class 7 will improve your learning experience and increase concentration among students. The Mughals followed the custom of co-parcenary inheritance, where parental property was divided equally among all the sons. (1999). Many reports of these secret service agents are available to us. India was no stranger to Islam; it had been invaded by Muslim forces as early as the seventh century AD, and since the early 1300s, the south-eastern portion of India, the Rajput, was dominated by the Dehli sultan, a Turkish invader. A separate department was assigned this important task. The spirit was lost among the later Mughals who were more concerned with the personal luxury rather than state prosperity. Akbar is known for his most efficient Mansabdari system. http://www.indianchild.com/mughal_era_india.htm (2010-01-29). A tanda contained as many as 6 or 7 hundred persons. CBSE Class-7 keyboard_arrow_right; History keyboard_arrow_right; Administration of Mughal Empire . The parganas were the administrative units below the sarkar. Class-7 Social Science. Naeem Publishers Lahore. These thanes were established specifically in disturbed areas and around the cities. The village was the lowest administrative unit. All you need to do is fill out a short form and submit an order. Describe the administration under die Mughals. "You must agree to out terms of services and privacy policy", Don't use plagiarized sources. From the latter half of the 16th century, the Mughals expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi, until in the 17th century they controlled nearly all of the subcontinent. Administration in the Mughal Empire In Islam the real sovereign of the world in Allah and Khalifh is his representative on the earth. The Mughal Empire - Chapter Wise CBSE Solved Question and Answer Based On NCERT. In the capacity of the chief qazi, he looked into the appointment of the qazis in the suba, sarkar, pargana and town levels. He set the precedent for sons rebelling against their Emperor fathers. They were to arrange provisions for the army as well. He defeated the Mughal ruler Humayun in the Battles of Chausa and Kannauj, and occupied the Throne of Delhi in 1540 CE. Before Shah Jahans reign, the posts of the chief qazi and sadr-us sudur were combined and the same, person held the charge of both the departments. Since Aurangzeb needed all the help he could get in the Deccan, he took the Sidi into his service, placing him under the Mughal governor of Surat, and subsidizing his fleet. ADVERTISEMENTS: Akbar was an enlightened and successful administrator. It is not surprising that the Mughals publicized their jharokha darshan with a great deal of pomp and show in which the Emperor appeared. They had no large fighting vessels, and the ships that they maintained were primarily for the furtherance of the commercial operations of the state. The muqaddam was the village-headman while the patwari took care of the village revenue records. Civil cases of the Muslims were taken care of by the qazi, while the criminal cases were tried by the shiqqdar. A New History of Indo-Pakistan. The shiqqdar was in charge of the pargana. Free PDF download of Important Questions with Answers for CBSE Class 12 History Chapter 9 Kings and Chronicles prepared by expert History teachers from latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books only by CoolGyan to score more marks in CBSE board examination. Here are expected questions from class 7 history chapter 4 | The Mughal Empire. They are very important sources of the history of the period. The Mughals through a system of checks and balances prevented any minister or officer from gaining unlimited powers. For keeping a moral status of the society and to prevent social evils like drinking and gambling there was a minister called the Muhtasib. The provincial divan supervised the revenue collection in the suba and maintained accounts of all expenditures incurred in the form of salaries of the officials and subordinates in the suba. According to him, jagir transfers were not as frequent as they appear, and the local elements at the periphery were quite successful in influencing the policies at the center. However, under Aurangzeb, the post of the chief qazi (qazi-ul quzzat) and the sadr-us sudur got separated. A good amil was supposed to increase the land under cultivation and induce the peasants to pay revenue willingly without coercion. Youth and inexperience at ascension led to his being regarded as a less effective ruler than a usurper, Sher Shah Suri.