gender inequality in greece

Greece is seeing a stark gap between men and women employed, with the male unemployment rate at 27.6 per cent, and the female unemployment rate much higher at 32 per cent. Gender The employment rate of women is 49%, markedly below the EU average (67.4%), while that of men is 70.1%.8 One in four managers are women, the second lowest proportion in Europe (average - one in three). Should we Ban Frats.” The Guardian, Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/24/rape-sexual-assault-ban-frats, Weirich, L. (2017, October 4). Gender inequality was a myth. Attending college is supposed to be a time of newfound freedom. 107, no. This is due to sorority women holding their members to higher expectations within and outside the institution than fraternities held their male members to (Weirich 2017). Today gender inequality in the Greek Life system is prominently in the recruitment process. 31–41., doi:10.1007/bf00288701. They also proposed the use of targets and data collection. Scholar R.W. Both Hesiod’s Theogony and Homer’s Odyssey demonstrate the Greek’s early thoughts on this issue. Even more alarmingly, “women in sororities are 74% more likely to experience rape than other college women.” (Campus Sexual Violence: Statistics). Most of the research shows how fraternities encourage sexual violence against women. Women have had a long history of being inferior to men. Sexual violence and sexism are the most prevalent crimes on university campuses. Gender Inequality Throughout Ancient Greece 1577 Words7 Pages Gender inequality continues to be a constant battleground in many societies today. Sexual assault on college campuses is a per-vasive public health issue. These rules include no contact with current sorority members outside of recruitment and a potential new member’s social life will be monitored during the recruitment process and in the days following recruitment if she were to receive a bid from a sorority. When viewing the recruitment process one can see how gender inequality is woven into it. Fraternity males are being given more freedom and luxuries in the process while sorority women are expected to be proper and abide by the rules (Weirich 2017). If an educational institution breaches its responsibility under these laws, an institution could then be held liable. It wasn’t until 1851 that the first all women fraternity, also known as a sorority, was founded (Bonzo 2014). For example, at Wesleyan University their fraternities are known as the “rape factory” (Valenti 2014). Recruitment is the foundation and start of the Greek system, and is how fraternities and sororities will ultimately choose their members. Feminist theories of the state can be related to Greek Life promoting sexism because Greek Life is an institution. This article is about a column made in “New York Tribune” that talks about women being people. 19 students ordered this very topic and got original papers, This example has been uploaded by a student. (2014, October 21). that fraternities and sororities hold. Hennessy, N. J. One in 5 Women is Sexually Assaulted on Campus. This was done because sororities felt that they had to prove their worth was equal to a male fraternity. Fraternities already stand above authority by having dominance over sororities due to the fact that sorority women often feel pressured to impress fraternity men, and with the privilege of wealth added to that, it could increase fraternity men’s propensity towards sexual violence (Jozkowski 2017). Gender Inequality in The Burial at Thebes. The experts added: âWe commend the government for its commitment to upholding the human rights of the unprecedented number of migrants and refugees who have arrived since 2015. “Ex-Baylor Frat President Indicted on 4 Counts of Sex Assault Won’t go to Prison.” CNN US, Retrieved from www.cnn.com/2018/12/11/us/baylor-ex-frat-president-rape-allegation. However, there were some areas of Ancient Greece that had a different model for social structure. Centuries ago discussions of gender inequality and sexual assault would have not taken place; however, today due to activists and academics our culture is becoming more aware of this form of oppression. Population with at least some secondary education, male (% ages 25 and older) 73.2. In the article Chapman says how the column is concerned with the government's responsiveness to [...], During the early 1960s, American society began to undergo substantial changes in public opinions and that would eventually lead to the artistic culture we enjoy today. Due to this, administrators at Wesleyan university decided to allow women to enter fraternities in hopes this would minimize the sexual assault that takes place, however, critiques believe this could make it easier for sexual assaults to take place (Valenti 2014). kjozkows@uark.edu; University of Arkansas and The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. women were fairly equal to men. Up Next. Need your own essay? According to RAINN.org, “Among undergraduate students, 23.1% of females and 5.4% of males experience rape or sexual assault through physical force, violence, or incapacitation” (Campus Sexual Violence: Statistics). Sparta. âAs people in Greece highlighted to us, gender equality is a human right. By holding discussions and informing students it would open up opportunities for students to challenge institutions that promote gender inequality, which in turn will lead to decreasing the barrier between sexes until we as a society can abolish it completely. The theatre has remained as a social outlet for various ideologies ever since ancient Greece. 66, no. Once women started entering the higher education system in larger numbers gender inequality was still present in how universities admitted their students and in the organizations on university campuses. FAM. The segregation of genders being so profound in the institution of Greek Life makes it easy for gender inequality to persist. (2014, September 24). The women’s rights movement started with a meeting in Seneca Falls, New York during July of 1848 (Campbell 2018). “The Historical Struggle to Rid Socialism of Sexism.” Smithsonian, Retrieved from www.smithsonianmag.org. â. Women did this by addressing the barriers that social institutions formed to oppress women. We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. An example of this is in the court case Peterson v. San Francisco Community College District (Cal. Sorority recruitment is also structured with many rules the potential members are required to follow and if they do not, they are subject to dismissal (Weirich 2017). This change has left the eradication of gender inequalities solely in the hands of the ISFs, where gender inequality is the most severe. Charicles describes the relationship between a man and a woman as a law made by nature, and that each sex was made for another 2. Since Saudi Arabia’s segregation rules require different entrances and rooms for men and women, women are highly unlikely to get hired at workplaces that lack such infrastructure, which are normally small and medium sized businesses. It is important to. Primary school teachers trained to teach (%) n.a. âEfforts to change current social norms and gender stereotypes through the education system and the media are also critical. This briefing note is organized into six sections. Gender equality refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for both male and female (European Institution for Gender Equality, 2019). Many universities disregard or overlook the fact that Greek Life on their campuses put women and men at a risk of being a victim of gender inequality or sexual assault, and that needs to change. The IOC has ratified its Olympic Charter, Rule 32, to state that "Women are allowed to compete according to the rules of the International Federation concerned" (IOC Executive Board, 1977:5). Although ancient Greece was made up of many city-states, in most of the city-states, (except Spartan women) women were considered inferior to men. But you can one from professional essay writers. Copy link. Without strong intervention, the opportunity to accelerate the economic recovery through womenâs equal participation in the social and economic recovery of Greece will not be realised.â. In this case Baylor University fraternity president, Jacob Walter Anderson, was indicted on four counts of sexual assault; however, he will not spend a single day in prison (Yan 2018). Women were not able to own property, thus they could not have full citizenship status; even slaves could become a citizen after gaining … Related Article Gender inequality is one of the most persistent evils of our times . However, in the case Leonardi v. Bradley University (1983) the court did not find the educational institution guilt after an alleged rape happened on campus property. Gender roles in Ancient Greece are at the core of Aristophanes' work of drama entitled Lysistrata. 18, no. Particular attention is given to the difference between the treatments of women [...], Furthermore, in nations like Yemen, sex variations are seen even in optional school where young men select at a rate 20 rate focuses higher than young ladies. Reports published by the Statistical Office of the EU (Eurostar) show that the greatest pay inequalities are found in the higher income groups, the older age groups and among the highest educated. The inequality of genders can be traced all the way back to Greek mythology. However, the class privilege that comes with being in a Greek organization also often has correlation with gender and class inequality. Greece had a low score in the domain of time, measuring gender inequalities in allocation of time spent doing care and domestic work and social activities. Sororities held their members to higher academic standards, along with monitoring their members’ social activities (Weirich 2017). The Greek System: How Gender Inequality and Class Privilege Perpetuate Rape Culture. women usually married at age 12-13 to men at least twice their age. Info. In all of the settings alcohol is typically present and fraternity men often encourage the women to over drink (Copenhaver 1991). We witnessed the particular vulnerability of women and were concerned about their safety and access to health services. The UN Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice was created by the Human Rights Council in 2011 to identify, promote and exchange views, in consultation with States and other actors, on good practices related to the elimination of laws that discriminate against women. After the Seneca Falls meeting women were brought together to demolish the gender inequality in institutions. “The Greek System: How Gender Inequality and Class Privilege Perpetuate Rape Culture.” Family Relations, vol. The female element in ancient Greece was a significant part of the procreation and a form of entertainment. Greek Life consists of two sections, fraternities for male students and sororities for female students, and within fraternities and sororities there are different chapters. (2017). This principle applies to all sectors including family, workplace and politics. Yet, substantial minorities in several of the nations surveyed believe women’s rights remain unchanged, even though nearly 30 years have passed. Many universities will make potential new members wear identifying symbols such as pins on their shirts so they are easily identifiable during recruitment. In former Eastern Bloc nations, at least four-in-ten in each country say women have more social and legal rights now than they had under communism. This is why the father “gives” his daughter “away” to her husband in wedding ceremonies. GENEVA / ATHENS (12 April 2019) â Greece has a unique opportunity to simultaneously strengthen its economy and drive progress on womenâs human rights by prioritising gender equality in its social and economic recovery, says a group of UN independent experts. Valenti, J. “‘Are Women People?’: Alice Duer Miller’ s Poetry and Politics.” American Literary History, vol. âThe country is now at a critical point of transition after an unprecedented and prolonged period of austerity measures, which have impacted profoundly on every aspect of peopleâs lives. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. Recruitment is the foundation and start of the Greek system, and is how fraternities and sororities will ultimately choose their members. Article 4 states that ‘Greek men and women have equal rights and obligations’, while Article 22 notes that ‘All employees, regardless of gender or other discrimination, are entitled to equal pay for work of equal value’ and Article 116 proclaims that … (4) The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men in three different dimensions: reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats held by women and share of population with at least some secondary education), and labour market participation (labour force participation rate). At Texas Christian University over half of the student population are in different Greek Life Organizations. Under federal laws such as the Ramstad Amendment which requires institutions to adopt policies to prevent sex offenses, or the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act, which requires institutions to gather information about crimes and inform students (Hennessy 2002). Bonzo, H. (2014, October 16). The experts will submit their full report to the UN Human Rights Council in June 2020. 2021 © PapersOwl.com - All rights reserved. Today gender inequality in the Greek Life system is prominently in the recruitment process. (2002, December 11). (Jozkowski 2017) While having greater wealth does not cause someone to commit sexual assault, the underlying privileges could cause someone to believe that they stand above authority. If university officials were to shed light on the aspects of gender inequality and sexual assault within Greek Life and the legal implications that could follow, this would open up an opportunity for discussion that would encourage change within the system, and make people more knowledgeable of what is happening around them. In Ancient Greece, women were described as dogs, demons and degenerates. Within this time period, Hollywood released some of their first family films; Mary Poppins and The Sound of Music. To insure the sanctity of the marriage relationship and the purity of the family line, freeborn Greek children underwent a highly restricted, segregated upbringing, at least insofar as sexual interaction with the opposing gender was concerned. In this essay I will discusses the history of this matter, why this inequality matters in law and the sociological ties to the sexual inequalities in Greek Life. One major institution is education. The most perspicacious aspect of the Greeks was their disregard for women. General liability issues become a concern to the university because of the mere threat of litigation against the institution which can be devastating to the university from a monetary and human resource standpoint (Hennessy 2002). Semonides of Amorgos (circa 7th century BC), a popular poet in his time, suggested that one way to deal with one’s wife was to silence her by knocking her teeth out with a stone. Gender Roles in Ancient Greece and Egypt Centuries of cultural and social evolution has afforded us the liberty to pride ourselves on being keen about who we are, what we want, and what we are willing to do to get it. Watch later. From the start, one could see gender inequality in the Greek Life culture. This danger is the sexual violence and sexual inequalities that organizations like Greek Life promotes among their members. Show More. The Role Of Gender And Gender Inequality In Ancient Greece 1726 Words7 Pages From ancient times the woman was perceived and acknowledged as inferior to men. Ancient Greek Gender Inequality. CODE CATEGORY 2014: Legal Age of Marriage: Early Marriage: Parental Authority During Marriage: Parental Authority After Divorce: Inheritance … Of these three areas of the ancient world, Lacedaemon indisputably had the most progressive model for social structure, with Mesopotamia close behind. Socialist feminism often argues that the stratification of a system by social class and then by gender perpetuates women’s subordinate position in the system. This freedom gives incoming students the opportunity to define who they are as a person, and often times the organizations students first join play a vital role in shaping who they are for years to come. The idea of a fraternity originally developed in 1776 with the formation the Phi Beta Kappa Society at the College of William and Mary (Bonzo 2014). 24, no. The Greek System: How Gender Inequality and. Gender Inequality In Ancient Greece. Between the years of 1848 to 1920 women’s rights movements swept across the United States (Campbell 2018). [bookmark: _Hlk531357997]Jozkowski, K. N., and Wiersma-Mosley, J.D. For inquiries and media requests, please contact: Ms Hannah Wu (+41 22 917 9152 / hwu@ohchr.org) or Mr. Shawky Seif El Nasr (+41 22 917 92 75 / sseifelnasr@ohchr.org) or write to wgdiscriminationwomen@ohchr.org. This particular issue has become an area of intense focus within the past several decades, as the roles of the sexes has begun to change and evolve. By doing this, feminist theories of the state shed light on social problems and issues that could otherwise be overlooked by historically male-dominant perspectives. Feminist theories of the state within sociology shift the main point of view away from the typical male viewpoint to that of women. GENEVA / ATHENS (12 April 2019) – Greece has a unique opportunity to simultaneously strengthen its economy and drive progress on women’s human rights by prioritising gender equality in its social and economic recovery, says a group of UN independent experts. Due to world events occurring in the 60s like the [...], Segregation rules play an equally important role in leading to gender inequality in employment. DISCRIM. 1-2, pp. With a score of 44.7, Greece lagged more than 20 points behind the EU average of 65.7. âWe have also observed challenges in providing adequate support to women who have suffered violence, and are particularly concerned about the recent retrogressive proposal to amend the Criminal Code concerning the definition of rape,â they said. The experts said Greece was lagging behind other countries in the European Union on womenâs rights despite legal and policy frameworks being in place, because of poor implementation, the persistence of discrimination and the lingering impacts of the crisis and austerity measures. ... Greece (81) and Malta (84) received scores of 0.689, 0.678 and 0.676, respectively. One of the best-known and largest social organizations on many college campuses is Greek Life. Gender Inequality In Medea, By Euripides. However, due to the prestige that being in a fraternity comes with can cause some member who commit sexual assault to not face their deserved punishment. Kristen N. Jozkowski. “Feminism and the State.” Harvard Law Review, vol. The play, Medea, by Euripides, is … âCurrently, Greece has one of the lowest rates of womenâs employment in the European Union and is the lowest ranking country in the Gender Equality Index for EU countries. Instead, a plea agreement allowed Anderson to plea no contest, which made him only face three years of deferred probation and a $400 fine (Yan 2018). This can make it easy for the institution to track the new members activity (Weirich 2017). Sexist gender roles can be seen reflected in the recruitment process of both fraternities and sororities. The relationship between a man and a women is older and innate 3, and therefore holds more power and validity over that of a homosexual one. In the contemporary world, although gender [...], Chapman, Mary. Roughly a quarter or more in Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Poland and Bulgaria believe women have the same rights now as they had under com… The experts also noted that the law in relation to maternity protection was not being implemented uniformly, and expressed concern about ongoing discrimination based on pregnancy and family responsibilities, as well as the persistence of a gender pay gap and the absence of women in leadership roles. Throughout the years, the audience vividly observes various social views as expressed by the playwrights. Connell critiques existing feminist theories of state by saying that the state is inherently gendered and is not a neutral arbiter. Other colleges have gained the reputation and even nicknames due to multiple sexual assaults taking place within their Greek organization. To be able to join fraternities or sororities members have to pay dues, which at TCU range in the thousands of dollars, including initiation fees and social activity fees in addition to other college-related fees. "Greece has established a strong legal and institutional framework for advancing gender equality. Females’ underclass status was determined when they were born. In the past, it was obvious that male dominate the whole society. women were not as controlled as they were in Athens. Most of the legal claims against Greek organizations come in the form of torts or civil wrongs (Hennessy 2002). The loss of jobs and rise in precarious work because of the financial crisis continue to disproportionately affect women, rendering them more vulnerable to poverty. Since mixing with men is a [...], This paper is written to discuss the differential treatment of genders within the criminal justice system. However, the sorority recruitment process is extremely different. 1992), in this case a student sustained injury after an attempted rape in a campus parking lot, Peterson alleged that the institution had failed to adequately inform students of the dangers due to prior sexual assaults taking place in the same parking lot, the educational institution was found guilty (Hennessy 2002). It is not a luxury for better times. Sorority women are likely to be exposed to many potentially high-risk settings and situations, thereby increasing their chances of being sexually victimized (Copenhaver 1991). If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service. Homer and Hesiod would agree that women are deplorable creatures and marriage usually leads to suffering. The Working Group is composed of five independent experts: Ms Ivana RadaÄiÄ (Croatia) Chairperson; Ms Alda Facio (Costa Rica), Ms Elizabeth Broderick (Australia); Ms Meskerem Geset Techane (Ethiopia) and Ms Melissa Upreti (Nepal). Population with at least some secondary education, female (% ages 25 and older) 62.0. Though a woman being her husbands’ property, she was not allowed to own property, nor have her own earnings or have the democratic right to vote. 16 October 2018. (Weirich 2017). Sexism is prevalent throughout history, and can result in a difference of quality of life between genders. At the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee there is a current police investigation taking place after several women were found labeled with red and black X’s on their hands after they had to be hospitalized from intoxication at a fraternity party (Valenti 2014). Connell is a prominent person who helped in shedding light on this theory by critiquing and explaining feminist theories of the state. This play takes place during the critical time period in which the Peloponnesian War has devastated a significant part of Greece. In all occupations women are paid less than men, but the gender pay gap is … Athens, which seems like it would have the most liberal model for society, actually had the highest level of gender inequality. Most of the sexual violence occurs to women in a sorority. “History of Greek Life in American Higher Education.” Rehoboth Journal, Retrieved from www.rehobothhoournal.org/history-of-greek-life-in-american-higher-education. Gender inequality is a result of the persistent discrimination of one group of people based upon gender and it manifests itself differently according to race, culture, politics, country, and economic situation. “Legal Issues and Greek Letter Organizations.” New Directions for Student Services, 1998(81), 61-77. How can you explain social, gender and economic inequality in the Greek polis? Their findings will inform national and international efforts to advance gender equality and the protection of human rights for women and girls across the world. The sorority recruitment process requires that each woman going through recruitment must visit each chapter and each chapter has to give the potential new member a “fair” visit (Weirich 2017). #Standup4humanrights and visit the web page at http://www.standup4humanrights.org, Greece must put gender equality at the heart of economic and social recovery, say UN independent experts, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. However, what many do not recall or mention is the danger that lurks around college campuses. About. Follow news related to the UNâs independent human rights experts on Twitter @UN_SPExperts. The treatment of women in Mesopotamian culture differs greatly from that of Greek culture, as well as within Greece, between Lacedaemon and Athens; despite this, gender inequality was still present in each culture at some level. Copenhaver, S., and Grauerholz, E. (1991) “Sexual Victimization among Sorority Women: Exploring the Link between Sexual Violence and Institutional Practices.” Sex Roles, vol. “4 Things Influencing Gender Inequality in College Greek.” Odyssey Online, Retrieved from www.theodysseyonline.com/gender-inequality-greek-system.amp, Yan, H., Burnside, T. (2018, December 11). “Gender Inequality: a Greek Life and Legal Implications Study”, Critical Theory, Feminism, Gender, Gender Equality, Gender Inequality, Gender Roles, Human Sexuality, Identity Politics, Masculinity, Oppression, Patriarchy, Radical feminism, Sex, Sexism, Social Issues, Social Status, Feminism, Gender, Gender Equality, Identity Politics, Sexism, Social Issues, Violence, Critical Theory, Family, Feminism, Gender, Gender Equality, Gender Roles, Masculinity, Patriarchy, Sex, Sexism, Social Equality, Social Issues, Tradition, Discrimination, Feminism, Gender Inequality, Gender Roles, Justice, Sex, Social Issues, Crime, Criminal Justice, Feminism, Gender, Gender Equality, Gender Inequality, Justice, Prison, Sex, Social Issues, Critical Theory, Feminism, Gender, Gender Equality, Gender Inequality, Inequality, Social Issues, Philosophy of Feminism and Gender Inequality, Treatment of Genders Within the Criminal Justice System, An Analysis of the Problem of Gender Inequality. “Campus Sexual Violence: Statistics .” RAINN | The Nation’s Largest Anti-Sexual Violence Organization, Retrieved from www.rainn.org/statistics/campus-sexual-violence. Carone, A. They also visited a school, a prison and a camp for migrants and refugees. This year marks the 40th anniversary of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1979. Humanity requires both genders, we … “Frat Brothers Rape 300% More. (2018, July 12). The Group is also tasked with developing a dialogue with States and other actors on laws that have a discriminatory impact where women are concerned. While the sexism Greek Life can promote can be related to the sociology term feminist theories of state, one can also find an outstanding amount of research done by academics in sociology over the topic as well. When viewing the recruitment process one can see how gender inequality is … Concerned about the world we live in? Corresponding Author. It must be placed at the heart of the countryâs economic and social recovery.â. Tap to unmute. The fraternity men typically get to choose what chapters they visit and also do not usually have strict guidelines they must follow through the recruitment process (Weirich 2017). The importance of these conversations is why I believe that universities should hold more open discussions between university officials and students about gender inequality and sexual assault on university campuses and how organizations within universities can work towards solving these problems. 1306 Words 5 Pages. Feminist theories of the state typically “emphasize processes by which rights and obligations in a political community are defined in terms of gender by political authorities and communities” (Rhode 1994). Coercive environments that the institution of Greek Life creates along with the use of alcohol makes sexual assault more likely to occur, and with fraternity men primarily targeting sorority women in these acts it creates a gender inequality within the institution. Then STAND UP for someoneâs rights today. marriage was arranged by the father of the bride. Due to statistics like this there was been a rise in litigation of sexism and sexual assault within Greek Life organizations. Shopping. “Fraternity Culture Linked to College Sexual Assault Problem.” Kpbs, Retrieved from www.kpbs.org, Campbell, O. View Chapter 3 Essay.docx from HISTORY 201 at Liberty University. Was poverty, or even slavery, a "natural" condition of 89–103., doi:10.1111/fare.12229. Our editors will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+!